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Astelia menziesiana

Sm. (1818)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Monocots Order: Asparagales Family: Asteliaceae Genus: Astelia

kaluaha, pa‘iniu [painiu], pāhiwa, pua‘akuhinia [pua akuhinia], wewehiwa

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Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Terrestrial or epiphytic, subacaulescent, rhizomatous perennial herbs.

Stems:

Roots:

Leaves: Leaves simple. 3-ranked. Blades 30–160 cm long, 1–5(–7) cm wide. Surfaces with scales, those of the upper surfaces connate and peeling off in skin like pieces, often completely absent in old leaves; lower surfaces densely covered with closely appressed scales, ± densely woolly pubescent beneath scales, both scales and hairs tending to fall off with age, occasionally both surfaces essentially glabrous, densely white to brownish shaggy pubescent toward base. Margins entire. Veins parallel, conspicuous. Sheathing. Stipules absent.

Flowers: Flowers in scapes (10–)20–120 cm long, usually densely shaggy pubescent; staminate flowers in racemes 3–20 cm long, pedicels 3–10 mm long, bracts 4–11 mm long; pistillate flowers in racemes 3–18 cm long, pedicels 2–5 mm long, bracts 4–9 mm long. Flowers unisexual (and the plants dioecious). Tepals green greenish brown to yellow, rose, dark brownish maroon, or occasionally white, densely pubescent or glabrous; tepals of staminate flowers 4.5–8.5 mm long (outer) and 3.5–7 mm long (inner); tepals of pistillate flowers 3.5–7 mm long (outer) and 3.5–6 mm long (inner). Stamens 6, staminate flowers with anthers 1–4.2 mm long; filaments {1.5–)2.2–4 mm long; pistillate flowers anthers not fertile, 0.4–1.3 mm long; filaments 1–2.8 mm long. Ovary superior. Staminate flowers with a pistillode 2–6 mm long; pistillate flowers with an ovary 4–6 mm long; style 0.5–2 mm long.

Fruit: Berries orange; subglobose to ellipsoid; 5–9 mm long; 4–6 mm in diameter. Seeds 4–14; black; irregularly ovoid to fusiform; 2.1– 4.6 mm long.

Ploidy: 2n = 60*

Habitat: Epiphytic or terrestrial; in mesic to wet forest and bogs.

Elevation Range: 610–2,230 m.

Historical Distribution

Uses and Culture

USES

Natural History

Statewide Status

Endemic

Island Status

Kaua'i Endemic
O'ahu Endemic
Molokai Endemic
Lana'i Endemic
Maui Endemic
Hawai'i Endemic

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Bibliography

Name Published In: A.Rees, Cycl. 39(1): s.p. (1818)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:1460 (K, O, Mo, L, M, H); Degener 28576 BISH (L†, 1963)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Locality Habitat Basis of Record Description Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Astelia menziesiana Waianae Range, Mt. Kaala, Schofield Barracks Military Reservation (USAG-HI), Transect (Blue tagging) Trail Montane Metrosideros/Cheirodendron Wet Forest. Vegetation associates: Metrosideros polymorpha var. glaberrima, Cheirodendron trigynum, Leptecophylla tameiameiae, Ilex anomola, Broussaisia arguta, Vaccinium calycinum. Preserved_Specimen Epiphytic on base of Metrosideros, plant ca. 1 m from ground, ca. 42 cm tall, vegetative. Birch, J.L. 176 Oahu BISH 2007-09-14
2 Astelia menziesiana Koolau Forest Reserve, Nahiku, Kuhiwa trail moist, on mossy trunks Preserved_Specimen epiphyte; fruit orange yellow St.John, H. 17910 Maui BISH 1937-01-02
3 Astelia menziesiana E highland, Pepeopae bog forest Preserved_Specimen Cranwell, L.M. 2581 Molokai BISH 1938-07-12
4 Astelia menziesiana East Maui, Hana District, Hana Forest Reserve, above N rim of Kipahulu base of Metrosideros Preserved_Specimen terrestrial Harrison, B. 396 Maui BISH 1974-01-01
5 Astelia menziesiana Puu Lanihuli moss covered dead trunk Preserved_Specimen 1'; yellow berries; silver, woody texture of leaves Mita, D. 198 Oahu BISH 1943-05-23
6 Astelia menziesiana Waiakea mauka forest floor, with Metrosideros and Cibotium Preserved_Specimen Takeuchi, W.N. 2699 Hawaii BISH 1986-07-01
7 Astelia menziesiana upper Olowalu Valley ridge Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 2361 Maui BISH 1920-05-14
8 Astelia menziesiana Between Glenwood and 29 miles In jungle Preserved_Specimen male Degener, O. 5519 Hawaii BISH 1929-06-24
9 Astelia menziesiana Kahiolena Unit, northwestern corner of TNC Ka'u Preserve, Nanuamaia to Pali Muku *closed to open Metrosideros forest w/ Cheirodendron over Cibotium and native shrubs, 50-70% cover of Metrosideros @ 12-15 m, Cheirodendron trigynum 30-40% cover @ 5-8 m; Cibotium chamissoi 50-80% @ 3-5 m; most common understory dicot is Broussaisia arguta, ground cover often thickly matted in sphagnum moss Preserved_Specimen rhizome epiphytic in croth of Mestrosideros polymorpha, rhizome dark brown, branching with additional plants all female, leaves dark green above, whitish below Wood, K.R. 12410 Hawaii BISH 2007-05-16
10 Astelia menziesiana Kamakou Preserve, Pepeopae Bog, Pepeopae Trail, 25 m past end of boardwalk on blue tagged trail towards Puu Alii, in forest adjacent to bog Low statured Metrosideros-Cheirodendron forest. Vegetation associates: Metrosideros polymorpha, Cheirodendron trigynum, Cyrtandra sp. Broussaisia arguta, Cyrtandra sp., Coprosma sp., Hedyotis sp. Preserved_Specimen Plant ca. 1.2 m tall, pistillate, tepals maroon, fruit orange. Birch, J.L. 149 Molokai BISH 2007-06-22
11 Astelia menziesiana Haleakala, Wai Anapanapa, Kipahulu-Kuhiwa divide mossy forest, wet Preserved_Specimen leaves silvery beneath; fruit orange St.John, H. 21098 Maui BISH 1945-08-21
12 Astelia menziesiana E Olokui, W of Wailele Stream, Wailau mossy forest Preserved_Specimen epiphyte; leaves white beneath, petals maroon St.John, H. 23256 Molokai BISH 1948-02-04
13 Astelia menziesiana Waianae Mts., Mauna Kaua damp ground Preserved_Specimen 11 leaves in triangle around triangular flower stalk; leaves ~3 wide; flowers female, petals dull purple Kondo, Y. Oahu BISH 1947-02-16
14 Astelia menziesiana SW Mauna Loa, Manuka on aa; with Metrosideros, Cibotium, Nephrolepis, Ilex, Myrsine, Pipturus, Psychotria, Vaccinium Preserved_Specimen Higashino, P.K. 5866 Hawaii BISH 1977-06-20
15 Astelia menziesiana Mauka of McGregor rainforest Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 22090 Maui BISH 1952-03-09
16 Astelia menziesiana S. Kona, KealakekuaRanch Goriwng along road in disturbed, mixed native forest, terrestrial. Preserved_Specimen Flowers yellow. Davis, J. 274 Hawaii BISH 1980-04-02
17 Astelia menziesiana below Haleakala, ~1 mi from park entrance on mossy log; rain forest Preserved_Specimen mature; epiphyte Davis, J. 74 Maui BISH 1979-01-02
18 Astelia menziesiana Saddle Rd., 19 mi from Hilo in kipuka, with var. depauperata Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 20278 Hawaii BISH 1949-08-29
19 Astelia menziesiana Kokee Camp dry Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. Kauai BISH 1926-06-26
20 Astelia menziesiana Saddle Rd., 19 mi from Hilo on ground and epiphytic in kipuka Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 20275 Hawaii BISH 1949-08-29
21 Astelia menziesiana Along Saddle Road 16 miles from Hilo In rich, rainy kipuka Preserved_Specimen female Degener, O. 19999 Hawaii BISH 1949-08-30
22 Astelia menziesiana Kuiki, S Kipahulu Valley rain forest Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 21249 Maui BISH 1945-08-30
23 Astelia menziesiana Kaala on branch of Metrosideros Preserved_Specimen epiphyte; up to 30 cm; leaves light green above, white below; male flower buds dull dark red van Royen, P. 10142 Oahu BISH 1967-08-02
24 Astelia menziesiana Between Waikamoi and Haipuaena gulch, 3-4 mi E of Olinda, Kula pipe line rain forest; with Metrosideros collina, Cheirodendron trigynum, Cibotium; high on trees Preserved_Specimen epiphyte Iltis, H.H. 478 Maui BISH 1967-08-05
25 Astelia menziesiana N Kaaawa ridge, wet woods Preserved_Specimen Hume, E.P. 189 Oahu BISH 1931-04-12
26 Astelia menziesiana East Maui, Makawao Forest Reserve, ~1 mi from Haleakala Park boundary rain forest; on mossy tree Preserved_Specimen clumps; epiphyte; sterile, dried infl.; tips of leaves yellowish, rest silver Davis, J. 76 Maui BISH 1979-01-02
27 Astelia menziesiana Puu Konahuanui, Koolau Range open forest Preserved_Specimen ~1' upright Nishimoto, M. Oahu BISH 1945-05-27
28 Astelia menziesiana W Maui, Lahaina District, West Forest Reserve, Haelaau bog Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 10203 Maui BISH 1930-02-05
29 Astelia menziesiana Puu Kukui Watershed Preserve, Summit trail, at mile marker 2600, adjacent to boardwalk on left (when ascending) in adjacent forest Transitional low statured Metrosideros adjacent to bog/Montane Wet Forest . Vegetation associates: Cheirodendron sp., Broussaisia arguta, Melicope sp. Lobelia gloria-montis, Leptecophylla tameiameiae. Preserved_Specimen Plant epiphytic on fallen log, ca. 31 cm tall, staminate, tepals lemon, pistillode green. Birch, J.L. 155 Maui BISH 2007-08-31
30 Astelia menziesiana W Maui, Puu Kukui, summit bog Preserved_Specimen Cranwell, L.M. 2633 Maui BISH 1925-07-24
31 Astelia menziesiana Waimea District. Mohihi, slopes and drainage north of Mohihi-Waialae trail. Metrosideros mixed montane wet forest, with some steep slopes dominated by matting ferns of Dicranopteris, Diplopterygium, or Sticherus with Polyscias waialealae, Syzygium sandwicensis, Cheirodendron spp., Dodonaea viscosa, Santalum pyrularium, Psychotria mariniana, Perrottetia sandwicensis, Labordia degeneri, Melicope clusiifolia, M. an Preserved_Specimen Herb with woody rhizome, epiphytic in Metrosideros, female clump, mature fruit yellow Wood, K.R. 16809 Kauai BISH 2016-04-21
32 Astelia menziesiana S of Pepeopae partly wooded slope Preserved_Specimen creeping, much branched Degener, O. 4064 Molokai BISH 1928-04-13
33 Astelia menziesiana W Maui, Lahaina District, West Forest Reserve, Haelaau edge of bog Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 10203 Maui BISH 1930-02-05
34 Astelia menziesiana Puu Hapapa, summit cloudy ridge Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 21065 Oahu BISH 1950-10-22
35 Astelia menziesiana West Maui, Honokowai NAR, Near summit of Puu Kukui, in bogs west of boardwalk Aspect: N. High elevation bog: Metrosideros, Palhinhaea, Sticherus, Myrsin vaccinioides, Deschampsia, Eragrostis grandis, Sadleeria pallida, Coprosma ochracea, Cheirodendron, Oreobolus, Clamagrostis hillebrandii, Vaccinium pahalae, Leptecophylla, Geranium hillebrandii, Plantago, Lobelia gloria-montis, Dichanthelium spp. Preserved_Specimen Plants scattered in bogs and margins of, mostly dwarfed, extremely scaly and tomentose; very robust caudices, some 10 cm. across or more. Pezzillo, Z. 1037 Maui BISH 2024-12-09
36 Astelia menziesiana Waianae Mts, Pukaloa gulch, above Shoffield, off ridge trail to Puu Kalena, near Kumakalii In Metrosideros lowland wet forest with Alyxia, Canthium, Nestegis, Chamaesyce, Psidium, Antidesma, Pleomele, Claoxylon, Urera, Nothocestrum longiflorum, Zanthoxylum, Embelia, Pisonia, Bobea, Psychotria, Scaevola, Melicope, Astelia, Labordia, Perrottetia. Preserved_Specimen With flower and fruit. Perlman, S. 5640 Oahu BISH 1987-04-16
37 Astelia menziesiana SW Puu Alu, Kawela rain forest; on ground or on tree branches Preserved_Specimen flower whitish, fruit orange yellow; leaves bright green above, white below St.John, H. 19937 Molokai BISH 1938-12-31
38 Astelia menziesiana Waimea District; above the Museum, off of HWY 550, S. side of road past pullout diverse mesic forest acacia koa, metrosideros, psychotria greenwelliae, P. mariniana, antidesma, melicope, zanthoxylum, coprosma, dodonea, dianella, & doodia Preserved_Specimen two clumps next to each other, e clumps in general area; clump terrestrial about 3 ft diameter; wide long leaves, w/ silver hairs on underside; up to 5ft tall; old dried inflorescence attached but on ground; astelia cf. menziesiana Tangalin, N. 3395 Kauai BISH 2013-01-02
39 Astelia menziesiana Haleakala, head of Koolau Gap fog swept Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 4061 Maui BISH 1927-08-17
40 Astelia menziesiana East Maui, 3 mi E of Olinda, below reservoirs on trunk of Metrosideros, with Acacia koa; rainforest Preserved_Specimen epiphyte, petals white yellow Henrickson, J.S. 3744 Maui BISH 1969-06-27
41 Astelia menziesiana Kohala high plateau, on trees Preserved_Specimen epiphyte Rock, J.F.C. 25745 Hawaii BISH 1957-03-20
42 Astelia menziesiana 4 mi NW of Kulani Prison Camp, S Hilo Metrosideros forest, on tree bases Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 25333 Hawaii BISH 1954-12-19
43 Astelia menziesiana ridge to Kaala on ground Preserved_Specimen Christophersen, E. 1712 Oahu BISH 1931-04-04
44 Astelia menziesiana Haleakala, E of Waikekeehia foot of cliff, wet gulch Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 17759 Maui BISH 1936-12-25
45 Astelia menziesiana Keauhou RAnch, Kau District, near boundary with Kilauea Forest Epiphytic on Metrosideros tee 4 ft above ground in disturbed Metrosideros-Acacia koa-Cibotium forest. Preserved_Specimen Clarke, G. 145 Hawaii BISH 1979-11-27
46 Astelia menziesiana Puu Hualalai, Puuwaawaa Upper woods Preserved_Specimen female St.John, H. 11379 Hawaii BISH 1931-12-29
47 Astelia menziesiana West Maui, Honokowai NAR, Near summit of Puu Kukui, in bogs west of boardwalk Aspect: N. High elevation bog: Metrosideros, Palhinhaea, Sticherus, Myrsin vaccinioides, Deschampsia, Eragrostis grandis, Sadleeria pallida, Coprosma ochracea, Cheirodendron, Oreobolus, Clamagrostis hillebrandii, Vaccinium pahalae, Leptecophylla, Geranium hillebrandii, Plantago, Lobelia gloria-montis, Dichanthelium spp. Preserved_Specimen Plants scattered in bogs and margins of, mostly dwarfed, extremely scaly and tomentose; very robust caudices, some 10 cm. across or more. Pezzillo, Z. 1037 Maui BISH 2024-12-09
48 Astelia menziesiana Puu Hualalai, Puuwaawaa upper woods Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 11379 Hawaii BISH 1931-12-29
49 Astelia menziesiana head of Waikolu Valley open rain forest Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 22160 Molokai BISH 1952-03-15
50 Astelia menziesiana upper Waiakea FR, 0.6 mi above jct. Stainback Hwy. and Disappointment Trail margin of rainforest Preserved_Specimen Wagner, W.L. 4830 Hawaii BISH 1983-07-25
51 Astelia menziesiana Waianae Mts., Puu Kanehoa steep banks Preserved_Specimen to 4'; magenta petals; 1f-bases with translucent hairy connected auricles Stone, B.C. 3451 Oahu BISH 1960-04-30
52 Astelia menziesiana Above Hilo, along Honolii Stream on logs and tree trunks Preserved_Specimen epiphyte MacDaniels, L.H. 238 Hawaii BISH 1926-11-13
53 Astelia menziesiana Anahulu Trail on fallen tree trunk Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 12318 Oahu BISH 1939-03-23
54 Astelia menziesiana Mt. Kaala, Waianae Mts rain forest Preserved_Specimen female Hosaka, E.Y. 1 Oahu BISH 1929-10-30
55 Astelia menziesiana road from Hilo to Kulani Prison, Olaa FR swampy rain forest of Metrosideros and Cibotium Preserved_Specimen epiphyte; flower greenish; corolla whitish-green; pistil green Hatheway, W.H. 441 Hawaii BISH 1950-10-31
56 Astelia menziesiana East Maui, Puu Makua, Ulupalakua Inside cinder cone with two Cheirodendron, Dubautia scabra (?) & Myrsine on steep slope. Preserved_Specimen Montgomery, S.L. Maui BISH 1979-10-05
57 Astelia menziesiana East Maui, Makawao District, upper Waikamoi Stream, above gage on moss covered trees; with Metrosideros, Pelea, Rubus, various ferns Preserved_Specimen epiphyte; leaves with golden scales beneath, dense toward apex, pale toward base, at base denselly woolly tomentose; rhizomes stout, 1-2.5 cm thick; peduncles densely woolly; corolla rose pink, ovary green; calyx, corolla woolly without. Nagata, K.M. 1663 Maui BISH 1978-07-02
58 Astelia menziesiana Olaa, Puna, Kilauea settlement lots rain forest, on mossy tree branches Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 18479 Hawaii BISH 1937-12-22
59 Astelia menziesiana Munro Trail, along, near Puu Aalii 10' above ground on dead tree Preserved_Specimen much branched Degener, O. 28576 Lanai BISH 1963-09-09
60 Astelia menziesiana East Maui, Makawao District, upper Waikamoi Stream, above gage on moss covered trees; with Metrosideros, Pelea, Rubus, various ferns Preserved_Specimen epiphyte; leaves with golden scales beneath, dense toward apex, pale toward base, at base denselly woolly tomentose; rhizomes stout, 1-2.5 cm thick; peduncles densely woolly; corolla rose pink, ovary green; calyx, corolla woolly without. Nagata, K.M. 1663 Maui BISH 1978-07-02
61 Astelia menziesiana West Maui, Summit of Puu Kukui, in forested region between summit and East Bog, Aspect: N. Very common in understory of forested regions around bogs. High Elevation Wet: Metrosideros, Cheirodendron, Ilex, Myrsine, Melicope, Hydrangea Sadleria, Asplenium, Adenophorus, Carex, Dryopteris, Athyrium, Peperomia, Lobelia. Preserved_Specimen Thin caudice compared to plants growing in open bogs Pezzillo, Z. 1132 Maui BISH 2025-02-24
62 Astelia menziesiana Waiakea, Kulani project Closed healthy. Assoc spp: Metrosideros polymorpha (pubescent), Ilex anomala, Myrsine lessertiana, Cheirodendron trigynum, Coprosma spp, Psychotria hawaiiensis, Gouldia sp, Broussaisia arguta. Soils are a shallow well drained organic, found over an aa flow Preserved_Specimen Adee, K.T. Hawaii BISH 1978-06-22
63 Astelia menziesiana Kokee Camp, overlooking Waimea Canyon, end of ditch tunnel grassy slope Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 30211 Kauai BISH 1926-06-26
64 Astelia menziesiana Laumaia in koa-lehua forest Preserved_Specimen Neal, M.C. 812 Hawaii BISH 1935-08-17
65 Astelia menziesiana Above Olinda, woods near Ukulele woods Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 149 Maui BISH 1910-07-01
66 Astelia menziesiana SW Mauna Loa, Manuka on aa; with Metrosideros, Cibotium, Sadleria, Myrsine Preserved_Specimen Higashino, P.K. 6727 Hawaii BISH 1977-07-22
67 Astelia menziesiana East Maui, Waikamoi, Olinda flume on trees Preserved_Specimen anthers black; ovary light green; rest of flower white Crosby, M.R. 1779 Maui BISH 1964-07-16
68 Astelia menziesiana Haleakala, head of Kuhiwa stream, S of Nahiku mossy woods; on mossy tree branches Preserved_Specimen epiphyte St.John, H. 21052 Maui BISH 1945-08-20
69 Astelia menziesiana Kohala Mts., Waipio, upper Hamakua ditch trail on tree trunk Preserved_Specimen berries orange St.John, H. 11477 Hawaii BISH 1932-01-01
70 Astelia menziesiana Kanehoa summit on ground Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 5515 Oahu BISH 1931-07-05
71 Astelia menziesiana Honaunau Forest, South Kona, near Kealakekua Ranch growing on edge of gully in aa substrate between roots of Coprosma pubens in open Metrosideros-Acacia koa forest. Preserved_Specimen Terrestrial plant. Flowers light greenish. Cuddihy, L.W. 297 Hawaii BISH 1980-04-01
72 Astelia menziesiana Waianae Range, Honouliuli Preserve, Puu Hapapa, on ridgeline 10 m south of peak, NE facing slope 2m downslope from ridge Lowland wet forest. Vegetation associates: Metrosideros polymorpha, Melicope sp., Cibotium sp., Schiedea sp., Dianella sandwicensis, Clidemia hirta, Melinis minutiflora. Preserved_Specimen Plant vegetative. Birch, J.L. 185 Oahu BISH 2006-09-25
73 Astelia menziesiana Puu Kukui Watershed Preserve; Puu Kukui, Summit trail beyond weather station at summit. Summit trail. Preserved_Specimen Terrestrial. Birch, J.L. 150 Maui BISH 2007-08-31
74 Astelia menziesiana Between Glenwood and Volcano House wet jungle Preserved_Specimen Hawaii BISH 1926-07-24
75 Astelia menziesiana Makawao Forest Preserve below National Park [Haleakala], near Waikamoi on moss covered, horizontal tree branch. Preserved_Specimen epiphytic, flowering, no fruit. 4 ft. tall, infl. 3 ft. Flrs rose pink. Leaves glabrous at base on outer side of plant, base of young leaves covered with white hairs for about 2, changes to gold color on top and under side for a few inches, then just underside changing into scales. Some leaves streaked lightly with silver for 1st half of blade, then darker, more dense gold scales for the rest, especially tips. Infl stem covered with white woolly hairs, up to half inch long at base, short leaves on infl stem are gold color beneath. According to R. Ridgeway's Color Chart, lightest parts closest to straw yellow w/ green showing thru, darkest parts are old gold. Davis, J. 10 Maui BISH 1978-07-02
76 Astelia menziesiana East Maui, Koolau Gap, Keanae Valley, E Piinaau drainages 70-80% closed canopy, 8-15 m height; Metrosideros polymorpha, Cheirodendron trigynum, Perrottetia sandwicensis, Broussaisia arguta, Ciprosma ochracea, Hedyotis terminalis, Clermontia arborescens, Cyrtandra grayi, Cyrtandra paludosa, Cyrtandra platyphylla, Rubus hawaiensis Preserved_Specimen epiphytic in assorted trees, female Wood, K.R. 12556 Maui BISH 2007-09-25
77 Astelia menziesiana Waianae Range, Mt. Kaala, Schofield Barracks Military Reservation (USAG-HI), Army transect (blue tagging) pt 1190 Montane wet forest. Vegetation associates: Broussaisia arguta, Vaccinium arboreum, Syzygium hawaiiensis, Ilex anomola, Nertera granadensis, Melicope sp. Dicranopteris linearis, Cibotium sp. Preserved_Specimen Plant epiphytic on moss covered (dead) tree trunk, vegetative. Birch, J.L. 58 Oahu BISH 2006-06-21
78 Astelia menziesiana Forest near open bog forest Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 559 Molokai BISH 1916-06-05
79 Astelia menziesiana Kawela, ridge to Pelekunu pali swamp Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 6095 Molokai BISH 1910-03-17
80 Astelia menziesiana Pepeopae Bog on ground Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 4071 Molokai BISH 1928-06-06
81 Astelia menziesiana ridge E of Mapulehu Valley rain forest Preserved_Specimen berries orange St.John, H. 12840 Molokai BISH 1932-12-29
82 Astelia menziesiana East Maui, Hana District, Hana Forest Reserve, above Wai Anapanapa with Vaccinium, Deschampsia Preserved_Specimen terrestrial Harrison, B. 320 Maui BISH 1973-07-11
83 Astelia menziesiana NE of Puu Nianiau, Haleakala gulch Preserved_Specimen terrestrial Degener, O. 22316 Maui BISH 1952-04-12
84 Astelia menziesiana Koolau Range, along crest, slightly W of Konahuanui Peak (E Peak) Growing semi epiphytically among low growing Metrosideros Preserved_Specimen Leaves conspicuously folded, green above with conspicuous white streaks, conspicuously white underside even wooly, especially at the base; calyx maroon-brown; peduncle heavily wooly; vegetative stem elongate, 50 cm Obata, J.K. Oahu BISH 1989-10-01
85 Astelia menziesiana Punaluu mountain Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. Oahu BISH 1908-08-23
86 Astelia menziesiana Opu bog forest Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 558 Molokai BISH 1916-06-05
87 Astelia menziesiana West Maui, Kukui rain forest Preserved_Specimen epiphyte; immature fruit green Wilbur, R.L. 856 Maui BISH 1948-06-26
88 Astelia menziesiana Kohala Mts., upper Hamakua ditch trail sphagnum forest Preserved_Specimen Cranwell, L.M. 3135 Hawaii BISH 1938-09-07
89 Astelia menziesiana S. Knoa, Honaunau Forest Reserve, near Kealakekua RAnch Epiphytic, on mossy log across a narrow wet ravine. Preserved_Specimen Plants have long thick basal stems such as 18 inches, 1 inch thick, with as many as 3 rosettes of leaves. Davis, J. 268 Hawaii BISH 1980-04-02
90 Astelia menziesiana West Maui, Kukui edge of open bog Preserved_Specimen Wilbur, R.L. 1026 Maui BISH 1948-06-26
91 Astelia menziesiana W Maui, Lahaina District, West Forest Reserve, Haelaau bog Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 10203 Maui BISH 1930-02-05
92 Astelia menziesiana East Maui, Hana Forest Reserve on Metrosideros trunk; with moss and liverworts in shade Preserved_Specimen Harrison, B. 425 Maui BISH 1973-08-14
93 Astelia menziesiana Trail from Kamoku Flats to Puu Kolekole bank Preserved_Specimen perianth white; filaments white, anthers blackish; ovary light green Crosby, M.R. 1661 Molokai BISH 1964-07-03
94 Astelia menziesiana Puu Kukui Watershed Preserve; Puu Kukui, Summit trail beyond weather station at summit. Summit trail. Preserved_Specimen Terrestrial. Birch, J.L. 150 Maui BISH 2007-08-31
95 Astelia menziesiana Puu Konahuanui, Koolau Range open forest Preserved_Specimen ~1' upright Nishimoto, M. Oahu BISH 1945-05-27
96 Astelia menziesiana Puu Kukui summit bogs; 50% cover of Metrosideros polymorpha, ~25-50 cm high, 15% cover of Argyroxiphium grayanum, 5% Oreobolus furcatus; Coprosma ochracea, Leptecophylla tameiameiae, Vaccinium dentatum, Geranium hillebrandii, Lycopodiella cernua, Carex montis-eeka, Deschampsia nubigena, Dichanthelium cynodon, Dichanthelium hillebrandianum Preserved_Specimen terrestrial; leaves medium green, below silver white; peduncle white wooly, petals pink Wood, K.R. 11499 Maui BISH 2005-08-24
97 Astelia menziesiana W Maui, Lahaina District, West Forest Reserve, Haelaau edge of bog Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 10203 Maui BISH 1930-02-05
98 Astelia menziesiana Along Saddle Road 19 miles from Hilo On ground & epiphytic in kipuka Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 20275 Hawaii BISH 1949-08-29
99 Astelia menziesiana Kawela, ridge to Pelekunu pali swamp Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 6095 Molokai BISH 1910-03-17
100 Astelia menziesiana N Kaaawa Valley ridge Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 11074 Oahu BISH 1931-04-12
101 Astelia menziesiana ridge between Puu Kanehoa and Puu Kaua cloudy slope Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 12966 Oahu BISH 1940-06-23
102 Astelia menziesiana East Maui, Waikamoi Preserve, SE of Waikamoi Gulch Mesic forest. Canopy ca. 12 m, open understory. Vegetation associates: Metrosideros polymorpha, Cheirodendron trigynum, Rubus hawaiensis, Leptecophylla tameiameiae, Coprosma sp., Vaccinium sp. Preserved_Specimen Epiphytic on fallen tree, ca. 1.5 m above substrate, ca. 55 cm tall, staminate. Birch, J.L. 304 Maui BISH 2008-06-17
103 Astelia menziesiana Waimea District Awaawapuhi trail metrosideros-acacia montane mesic forest w/alphitonia ponderosa, xylosma hawaiiensis, antidesma platyphylla, bobea brevipes, myrsine lanaiensis, dodonaea viscosa, planchonella sandwicensis, wikstroemia furcata, leptecophylla tameiameiae, ka Preserved_Specimen large herb with woody rhizome, epiphytic in metrosideros, simgle clump with immature green fruit; previouisly mapped Wood, K.R. 16826 Kauai BISH 2016-05-13
104 Astelia menziesiana Waianae Mts., Puu Hapapa on ground Preserved_Specimen Christophersen, E. 1288 Oahu BISH 1930-03-16
105 Astelia menziesiana E highland, Pepeopae bog trail forest Preserved_Specimen Cranwell, L.M. 2584 Molokai BISH 1938-07-12
106 Astelia menziesiana Haleakala, Naholoku at Paliku, N of Kuiki beneath Metrosideros Preserved_Specimen Higashino, P.K. 848 Maui BISH 1975-06-21
107 Astelia menziesiana East Maui, Hana District, Haleakala, Kaupo gap, 1st cove S of Waikekeehia shaded gulch Preserved_Specimen leaves 2 pleated, above shiny green, below silvery with greenish tint St.John, H. 21201 Maui BISH 1945-08-27
108 Astelia menziesiana Kawailoa rain forest Preserved_Specimen 40 cm Bryan Jr., E.H. 666 Oahu BISH 1934-11-20
109 Astelia menziesiana Puu Hualalai, Puuwaawaa upper woods Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 11379 Hawaii BISH 1931-12-29
110 Astelia menziesiana SW of Kaunuohua rainforest; with Peperomia, Adenophorus, Mecodium, Viola robusta; on Metrosideros Preserved_Specimen epiphyte; silvery; dark rose pink flowers Davis, J. 757 Molokai BISH 1982-05-20
111 Astelia menziesiana Mauna Loa, above Kulani rain forest Preserved_Specimen Christ, J.H. 21 Hawaii BISH 1957-04-24
112 Astelia menziesiana Hawaii woods above Waimea Preserved_Specimen male Rock, J.F.C. 4325 Hawaii BISH 1909-07-09
113 Astelia menziesiana East Maui, Makawao, Waikamoi, N Haleakala, pipeline trail, contour below Ukulele to Puu o Kakae wet; on ohia Preserved_Specimen epiphyte, flowers white Lammers, T.G. 5604 Maui BISH 1984-07-06
114 Astelia menziesiana Makawao Forest Preserve below National Park [Haleakala], near Waikamoi on moss covered, horizontal tree branch. Preserved_Specimen epiphytic, flowering, no fruit. 4 ft. tall, infl. 3 ft. Flrs rose pink. Leaves glabrous at base on outer side of plant, base of young leaves covered with white hairs for about 2, changes to gold color on top and under side for a few inches, then just underside changing into scales. Some leaves streaked lightly with silver for 1st half of blade, then darker, more dense gold scales for the rest, especially tips. Infl stem covered with white woolly hairs, up to half inch long at base, short leaves on infl stem are gold color beneath. According to R. Ridgeway's Color Chart, lightest parts closest to straw yellow w/ green showing thru, darkest parts are old gold. Davis, J. 10 Maui BISH 1978-07-02
115 Astelia menziesiana West Maui, Kukui rain forest Preserved_Specimen flower white Wilbur, R.L. 909 Maui BISH 1948-06-29
116 Astelia menziesiana Located down Chain of Craters Road about 4.1 miles toward Kalapana from intersection with Crater Rim Road. Then drive up side road with cable across entrance (Escape Road) about 1.8 miles to a dead 12 meter tall Metrosideros tree, Metrosideros - Sadleria - Dicranopteris forest community Preserved_Specimen Herb about 1.5 feet tall, narrow leaves, relatively rare. Newell, C.L. 364 Hawaii BISH 1966-08-10
117 Astelia menziesiana Kipapa-Waiahole Crest, Koolau Range Metrosideros, Cheirodendron Preserved_Specimen Grant, M.L. 7211 Oahu BISH 1934-08-07
118 Astelia menziesiana W Maui, Puu Kukui, summit bog Preserved_Specimen Cranwell, L.M. 2632 Maui BISH 1925-07-24
119 Astelia menziesiana East Maui, Hana District, E Haleakala, 2 mi NE of Paliku Cabin, N facing slope above Wai Anapanapa with Sadleria, Dubautia, Lobelia grayana, Deschampsia, Vaccinium Preserved_Specimen terrestrial Henrickson, J.S. 3556 Maui BISH 1969-06-19
120 Astelia menziesiana Alakai Swamp Wilderness area, Circle bog, in fenced exclosure Habitatis Metrosideros wet forest with Leptecophylla tameiameiae, Dubautia paleata, Melicope clusiifolia, Cheirodendron trigynum, Dianella sandwicensis, Wikstroemia, Lysimachia daphnoides, Dicranopteris linearis near Astelia waialeale. Preserved_Specimen Large robust plants 1 m high with frt. Perlman, S. 21209 Kauai BISH 2008-10-16
121 Astelia menziesiana Rainforest SW of Kaunuohua Growing with Viola robusta, Adenophorus, and Peperomia. Closed Metrosideros forest with Broussaisia, Cibotium, Cheirodendron, Ilex, and Cyrtandra. Preserved_Specimen Common epiphyte. Flowers white. Davis, J. 760 Molokai BISH 1982-05-20
122 Astelia menziesiana East Maui, Makawao District, upper Waikamoi Stream, above gage on moss covered trees; with Metrosideros, Pelea, Rubus, various ferns Preserved_Specimen epiphyte; leaves with golden scales beneath, dense toward apex, pale toward base, at base denselly woolly tomentose; rhizomes stout, 1-2.5 cm thick; peduncles densely woolly; corolla rose pink, ovary green; calyx, corolla woolly without. Nagata, K.M. 1663 Maui BISH 1978-07-02
123 Astelia menziesiana Anahulu Trail, Koolau Range open rain forest Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 10470 Oahu BISH 1935-06-16
124 Astelia menziesiana Kamakou Preserve, Pepeopae Bog, Pepeopae Trail Low statured Metrosideros-Cheirodendron forest. Vegetation associates: Metrosideros polymorpha, Cheirodendron trigynum, Cyrtandra sp. Broussaisia arguta, Cyrtandra sp., Coprosma sp., Hedyotis sp. Preserved_Specimen Plant ca. 52 cm tall, pistillate, tepals lemon. Birch, J.L. 143 Molokai BISH 2007-06-22
125 Astelia menziesiana Puu Kukui Watershed Preserve, Summit trail, in forest adjacent to trail Montane wet forest. Vegetation associates: Cheirodendron sp., Broussaisia arguta, Melicope sp. Preserved_Specimen Plant epiphytic on Metrosideros, ca. 1 m off ground, staminate, tepals lemon. Birch, J.L. 157 Maui BISH 2007-08-31
126 Astelia menziesiana Koolau Range, Honolulu Watershed Forest Reserve, Puu Konahuanui, ca. 20 m beyond summit towards north-wast Lowland wet forest. Vegetation associates: Metrosideros polymorpha, Cheirodendron platyphyllum, Freycinetia arborea, Broussaisia arguta, Machaerina angustifolia, Clidemia hirta, Vaccinium sp. Preserved_Specimen Plant terrestrial, vegetative, inflorescence well past. Birch, J.L. 134 Oahu BISH 2007-01-26
127 Astelia menziesiana Kalalau Valley. On very steep upper slope of W facing wall of valley Wet forest with open understory. Loose, rocky soil. Collected in partially shaded understory with Metrosideros polymorpha. Broussaisia, Ilex anomala, Coprosma, Perrottetia, Pipturus, native Christella, also Buddleia asiatica and Erigeron karvinskianus. Preserved_Specimen Ground lily with large lvs to 1.8 m long, 5 cm wide. Undersides with silvery white hairs. Upper leaf surface glabrous. Infertile. Trauernicht, C. 752 Kauai BISH 2009-02-24
128 Astelia menziesiana West Maui, Honokowai NAR, Near summit of Puu Kkukui, in bogs west of boardwalk Aspect: N. High elevation bog: Metrosideros, Palhinhaea, Sticherus, Myrsin vacciniodes, Deschampsia, Eragrostis grandis, Sadleria pallida, Coprosma ochracea, Cheirodendron, Oroibolus, Calamagrostis hillebrandi, Vaccinium pahalae, Leptecophylla, Geranium hilllebrandii, Plantago, Lobelia goloria-montis, Dichanthelium spp. Preserved_Specimen Plants scattered in bogs and margins of, mostly dwarfed, extremely scaly and tomentose; very robust caudices, some 10 cm. across or more. Pezzillo, Z. 1037 Maui BISH 2024-12-09
129 Astelia menziesiana Kawela, ridge to Pelekunu pali swamp Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 6095 Molokai BISH 1910-03-17
130 Astelia menziesiana National Park, Lua Manu crater rough lava Preserved_Specimen Gillett, G.W. 1381 Hawaii BISH 1963-11-23
131 Astelia menziesiana trail into Kilauea Iki dry Preserved_Specimen Morley, H. 147 Hawaii BISH 1934-08-14
132 Astelia menziesiana Kawela, ridge to Pelekunu pali swamp Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 6095 Molokai BISH 1910-03-17
133 Astelia menziesiana Rainforest SW of Kaunuohua Open stunted Metrosideros forest with pools of standing water. Other epiphytes include Peperomia, Adenophorus, Mecodium, and Viola robusta. Preserved_Specimen Common epiphyte, few seen with fruit, orange. Davis, J. 759 Molokai BISH 1982-05-20
134 Astelia menziesiana West Maui, Kukui rain forest Preserved_Specimen epiphyte; immature fruit green Wilbur, R.L. 856 Maui BISH 1948-06-26
135 Astelia menziesiana Hilo Forest Reserve, Humuula Trail Lowland Wet Forest. Vegetation associates: Metrosideros polymorpha, Acacia koa, Cibotium, Freycinetia arborea, Ilex anomola, Alyxia stellata, Peperomia. Preserved_Specimen Birch, J.L. 112 Hawaii BISH 2006-09-10
136 Astelia menziesiana East Maui, Makawao District, upper Waikamoi Stream, above gage. on moss covered trees; with Metrosideros, Pelea, Rubus, various ferns Preserved_Specimen epiphyte; leaves with golden scales beneath, dense toward apex, pale toward base, at base denselly woolly tomentose; rhizomes stout, 1-2.5 cm thick; peduncles densely woolly; corolla rose pink, ovary green; calyx, corolla woolly without. Nagata, K.M. 1663 Maui BISH 1978-07-02
137 Astelia menziesiana Hawaii County. Puu Makaala Natural Area Reserve Site, NEON Plot PUUM_051. MEPO5 canopy with CHTR2/ILAN mid canopy and STTA/VACA8 understory. Young lava substrate and pockets of former pasture. With Metrosideros polymorpha, Vaccinium calycinum, Coprosma sp., Cheirodendron trigynum, Styphelia tameiameiae, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Morelotia gahniiformis. Preserved_Specimen Fruiting Espaniola, J. 3 Hawaii BISH 2019-09-03
138 Astelia menziesiana Laau, plateau on dividing ridge between Lumahal & Wainiha Valleys Metrosideros-Cheirodendron montane wet forest w/ 8-10 m tall closed canopy, w/ Melicope clusiifolia, Myrsine wawraea, Kadua affinis, Smilax, Vaccinium, Ilex, Myrsine lessertiana, Dubautia laxa, Clermontia fauriei, Lobelia kauaensis, Cibotium, and Sadlera, terrestrially dominated by Peperomia hesperomannii with a great diversity of bryophytes. Preserved_Specimen Terrestrial along narrow ridgeline to S of plateau, vegetative, uncommon, single clump observed. Wood, K.R. 14161 Kauai BISH 2010-04-06
139 Astelia menziesiana Kau Forest Reserve, near boundary of Kapapala Forest Reserve Acacia koa - Metrosideros forest with open understory, densse fern ground cover. Preserved_Specimen Occasional to uncommon epiphyte with thick stem over 1 ft. long. Only fertile plant seen. Davis, J. 560 Hawaii BISH 1981-07-01
140 Astelia menziesiana Puu Kukui Watershed Preserve, Summit trail, 150m below summit, 5 m from boardwalk on right (when ascending) into adjacent bog Metrosideros bog. Vegetation associates: Ilex anomala, Vaccinium sp., Leptecophylla tameiameiae, Lobelia sp. Preserved_Specimen Terrestrial, plant ca. 50 cm tall, pistillate, fruit orange. Birch, J.L. 152 Maui BISH 2007-08-31
141 Astelia menziesiana Along Saddle Road 16 miles from Hilo In rich, rainy kipuka Preserved_Specimen male Degener, O. 19999 Hawaii BISH 1949-08-30
142 Astelia menziesiana W Maui, Puu Kukui edge of open bog Preserved_Specimen Bryan Jr., E.H. 681 Maui BISH 1928-12-20
143 Astelia menziesiana NE of Puu Hapapa, near summit small valley Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 5516 Oahu BISH 1932-08-07
144 Astelia menziesiana SW of Kaunuohua rainforest; with Peperomia, Adenophorus, Mecodium, Viola robusta, Metrosideros Preserved_Specimen epiphyte; flowers greenish white Davis, J. 758 Molokai BISH 1982-05-20
145 Astelia menziesiana Waianae Mts., Puu Hapapa on ground Preserved_Specimen Christophersen, E. 1288 Oahu BISH 1930-03-16
146 Astelia menziesiana West Maui, Kukui ridge; rainforest Preserved_Specimen Neal, M.C. Maui BISH 1933-08-16
147 Astelia menziesiana Pepeopae Bog on ground Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 4070 Molokai BISH 1928-05-03
148 Astelia menziesiana Kaala, summit, Waianae Mts wet woods Preserved_Specimen berries orange yellow St.John, H. 10071 Oahu BISH 1929-11-24
149 Astelia menziesiana Olaa FR, Wright Rd., Puna Cibotium and Metrosideros forest; on Metrosideros Preserved_Specimen epiphyte, fruit orange St.John, H. 25384 Hawaii BISH 1954-12-22
150 Astelia menziesiana East Maui, Hana District, Waihoi, Puu Hoolio on fallen trunk of Metrosideros Preserved_Specimen epiphyte Harrison, B. 2515 Maui BISH 1972-07-20
151 Astelia menziesiana Laupahoehoe NAR, off Blair rd, *Metrosideros - Cibotium lowland wet forest, 50% cover, 18 m tall canopy, eith Smilax, Freycinetia, Alysia oliviformis, Antidesma, Cyrtandra, Astelia. Preserved_Specimen Herb, clustered in crotch of Metrosideros polymorpha, lvs green with silver tinge, fruits orange, common. Wood, K.R. 12257 Hawaii BISH 2007-01-19
152 Astelia menziesiana below Haleakala on mossy, horizontal log; rain forest Preserved_Specimen young; epiphyte Davis, J. 72 Maui BISH 1979-01-06
153 Astelia menziesiana East Maui, Hana District, Hana Forest Reserve, above N rim of Kipahulu ridge; base of Metrosideros Preserved_Specimen 10' patch Harrison, B. 549 Maui BISH 1973-11-18
154 Astelia menziesiana below Haleakala, ~1 mi from park entrance on mossy, horizontal log; rain forest Preserved_Specimen immature; epiphyte Davis, J. 73 Maui BISH 1979-01-06
155 Astelia menziesiana W Maui, Haelaau-Puu Kukui low bushes Preserved_Specimen Bryan Jr., E.H. Maui BISH 1928-12-18
156 Astelia menziesiana E Olokui, W of Wailele Stream, Wailau mossy forest Preserved_Specimen epiphyte St.John, H. 23255 Molokai BISH 1948-02-04
157 Astelia menziesiana Kipapa Gulch, Waipio, Koolau Mts wooded ridge; on tree trunk Preserved_Specimen Hosaka, E.Y. 1178 Oahu BISH 1933-08-08
158 Astelia menziesiana last ridge to Waialeale on ground Preserved_Specimen fruiting Rock, J.F.C. 5815 Kauai BISH 1909-09-21
159 Astelia menziesiana Pepeopae Bog on ground Preserved_Specimen flowers white Degener, O. 4069 Molokai BISH 1928-05-08
160 Astelia menziesiana Waianae Kai Forest Reserve, south side of small clearing reached at top of Mt. Kaala Summit Trail before entrance into Mt. Kaala Natural Area Reserve Montane Metrosideros polymorpha/Cheirodendron platyphyllum wet forest. Vegetation associates: Metrosideros polymorpha, Cheirodendron platyphyllum, Cyrtandra waiolani, Phyllostegia grandiflora, Vaccinium sp., Broussaisia arguta. Preserved_Specimen Terrestrial, plant ca. 60 cm tall, pistillate, tepals very light maroon, ovary green, fruit orange. Birch, J.L. 394 Oahu BISH 2009-09-26
161 Astelia menziesiana Kuliouou Valley, summit windswept Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 10471 Oahu BISH 1935-06-23
162 Astelia menziesiana Haupu windward slope Preserved_Specimen 1 m MacDaniels, L.H. 891 Kauai BISH 1927-02-26
163 Astelia menziesiana Mauka of McGregor rainforest Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 22090 Maui BISH 1952-03-09
164 Astelia menziesiana Koolau Range, Koolau Summit Trail between Hawaiiloa and Wailupe Gulch trails, on Wailupe Gulch trail 50 m from summit Mesic-wet forest. Vegetation associates: Metrosideros polymorpha, Cibotium, Smilax melastomifolia, Freycinetia arborea. Preserved_Specimen Birch, J.L. 53 Oahu BISH 2006-06-10
165 Astelia menziesiana Between Waikolu Valley and N Puu Alii wet gully Preserved_Specimen flowers flesh color Degener, O. 4065 Molokai BISH 1928-04-10
166 Astelia menziesiana East Maui, Hana District, Hana Forest Reserve, above Wai Anapanapa with Vaccinium, Deschampsia Preserved_Specimen terrestrial Harrison, B. 318 Maui BISH 1973-07-11
167 Astelia menziesiana Kamakou, trail from Waikolu Lookout to Pepeopae Bog via Hanalilolilo wet mossy forest; on ohia Preserved_Specimen epiphyte Lammers, T.G. 5699 Molokai BISH 1984-07-17
168 Astelia menziesiana Along Saddle Road 19 miles from Hilo growing with species & var. depauperata in kipuka Preserved_Specimen male Degener, O. 20279 Hawaii BISH 1949-08-29
169 Astelia menziesiana Kaunuohua Ridge rain forest Preserved_Specimen 1-1.5 m; rosette of long leaves; fruit cream to purple Bryan Jr., E.H. 1467 Kauai BISH 1940-07-30
170 Astelia menziesiana Waiakea mauka forest floor, with Metrosideros and Cibotium Preserved_Specimen Takeuchi, W.N. 2699 Hawaii BISH 1986-07-01
171 Astelia menziesiana Keauhou Ranch - Kilauea Forest Reserve boundary trail. Kau District On dead fallen log in log jam beside road. Disturbed Acacia koa - Metrosideros forest. Preserved_Specimen Epiphytic. Fruit orange. Davis, J. 175 Hawaii BISH 1979-12-18
172 Astelia menziesiana Haleakala, E of Waikekeehia foot of cliff, wet gulch Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 17759 Maui BISH 1936-12-25
173 Astelia menziesiana East Maui, Hana District, Waihoi, Puu Hoolio in moss, on Cheirodendron Preserved_Specimen Harrison, B. 91 Maui BISH 1972-07-15
174 Astelia menziesiana ca. .5 miles east of National Park Road junction Misty woods off Hawaii 11 Preserved_Specimen Common, trailing over ground. Fruits orange Crosby, M.R. 1972 Hawaii BISH 1964-08-04
175 Astelia menziesiana head of Waikolu Valley swampy forest Preserved_Specimen Cranwell, L.M. 2520 Molokai BISH 1938-07-06
176 Astelia menziesiana West Maui, Kukui bog Preserved_Specimen Neal, M.C. Maui BISH 1933-08-16
177 Astelia menziesiana Kipapa Gulch, Waipio, Koolau Mts tree trunk, wet ridge Preserved_Specimen Hosaka, E.Y. 1152 Oahu BISH 1933-08-06
178 Astelia menziesiana Kulani Prison Rd., 7 mi E of Kulani on mossy floor of rain forest; with Metrosideros, Cibotium, Coprosma, Antidesma, ferns Preserved_Specimen Leaves green above, greenish white below Henrickson, J.S. 4117 Hawaii BISH 1969-08-07
179 Astelia menziesiana Kamakou Preserve, Pepeopae Bog, Pepeopae Trail, at end of boardwalk on blue tagged trail towards Puu Alii In forest adjacent to bog Preserved_Specimen Plant ca. 64.5 cm, tepals lemon Birch, J.L. 148 Molokai BISH 2007-06-22
180 Astelia menziesiana Luamanu Crater, near Kilauea On ground Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 4062 Hawaii BISH 1929-11-29
181 Astelia menziesiana Pepeopae Bog on ground Preserved_Specimen flowers white Degener, O. 4068 Molokai BISH 1928-05-09
182 Astelia menziesiana N side of E lobe of 1950 flow, near crossing with jeep road to Nene Cabin in Metrosideros forest Preserved_Specimen epiphyte St.John, H. 26806 Hawaii BISH 1971-06-25
183 Astelia menziesiana Waiakea, S Hilo, jct. of Kulani and 15.75 mi. roads wet Metrosideros and Cibotium forest, on mossy trunks Preserved_Specimen berries orange St.John, H. 22362 Hawaii BISH 1946-12-24
184 Astelia menziesiana Hilo Forest Reserve, Humuula Trail Lowland wet forest. Vegetation associates: Metrosideros polymorpha, Coprosma sp., Antidesma platyphyllum, Psidium cattleianum, Freycinetia arborea. Preserved_Specimen Plant epiphytic on fallen tree, ca. 1.5 m off ground, pistillate. Birch, J.L. 107 Hawaii BISH 2006-09-10
185 Astelia menziesiana divide NW of Puu Kanehoa, Waianae Mts open woods, near crest Preserved_Specimen colonies St.John, H. 14008 Oahu BISH 1934-01-07
186 Astelia menziesiana Koa mill, Alika Homestead On mossy knoll in Metrosideros & Acacia forest Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 22474 Hawaii BISH 1946-12-30
187 Astelia menziesiana 6.75 mi E of Puu Huluhulu, Saddle Rd. mossy Metrosideros, kipuka Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 25339 Hawaii BISH 1954-12-25
188 Astelia menziesiana Koolau Range, Honolulu Watershed Forest Reserve, Puu Konahuanui, ca. 20 m beyond summit towards north-wast Lowland wet forest. Vegetation associates: Metrosideros polymorpha, Cheirodendron platyphyllum, Freycinetia arborea, Broussaisia arguta, Machaerina angustifolia, Clidemia hirta, Vaccinium sp. Preserved_Specimen Plant terrestrial, vegetative, inflorescence well past. Birch, J.L. 133 Oahu BISH 2007-01-26
189 Astelia menziesiana Alakai Wilderness Preserve, Alakai Swamp, Circle Bog Metrosideros polymorpha var. pumila/Oreobolus Bog. Large clump of Astelia at the edge of the patch of forest in the middle of the bog. Preserved_Specimen Plant terrestrial. Kishido, W. Kauai BISH 2007-04-14
190 Astelia menziesiana upper Olowalu Valley ridge Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 2361 Maui BISH 1920-05-14
191 Astelia menziesiana Kau District, Kilauea Forest Reserve Common epiphytic herb on large fallen koa tree. Preserved_Specimen Flowers light pink-yellow. (alcohol material also collected). Davis, J. 240 Hawaii BISH 1980-02-04
192 Astelia menziesiana NW Kukui trailing low in trees Preserved_Specimen perianth from white to dark reddish purple; ovary from whitish to green Crosby, M.R. 1864 Maui BISH 1964-07-20
193 Astelia menziesiana East Maui, Hana Forest Reserve margin of bog; with Vaccinium, Metrosideros, Dryopteris, Plantago Preserved_Specimen terrestrial Harrison, B. 395 Maui BISH 1973-08-07
194 Astelia menziesiana Waianae Mts.; ridge from Kaala toward Kamaohanui cloud forest; on Metrosideros Preserved_Specimen epiphyte Warshauer, F.R. 933 Oahu BISH 1977-02-08
195 Astelia menziesiana Makawao Forest Preserve below National Park [Haleakala] on moss covered, horizontal tree branch. Preserved_Specimen epiphytic, flowering, no fruit. 4 ft. tall, infl. 3 ft. Flrs rose pink. Leaves glabrous at base on outer side of plant, base of young leaves covered with white hairs for about 2, changes to gold color on top and under side for a few inches, then just underside changing into scales. Some leaves streaked lightly with silver for 1st half of blade, then darker, more dense gold scales for the rest, especially tips. Infl stem covered with white woolly hairs, up to half inch long at base, short leaves on infl stem are gold color beneath. According to R. Ridgeway's Color Chart, lightest parts closest to straw yellow w/ green showing thru, darkest parts are old gold. Davis, J. 10 Maui BISH 1978-07-02
196 Astelia menziesiana Olinda Pipe Line Preserved_Specimen male flower Degener, O. 4055 Maui BISH 1927-07-30
197 Astelia menziesiana Olinda Pipe Line Preserved_Specimen male and female flowers Degener, O. 5626 Maui BISH 1927-07-16
198 Astelia menziesiana Mt. Eke, near summit Preserved_Specimen epiphyte Degener, O. 5518 Maui BISH 1927-08-30
199 Astelia menziesiana Kipapa-Waiahole Crest, Koolau Range Metrosideros, Cheirodendron Preserved_Specimen Grant, M.L. 7211 Oahu BISH 1934-08-07
200 Astelia menziesiana W Maui, Kukui, summit Preserved_Specimen Gillett, G.W. 2433 Maui BISH 1972-08-02
201 Astelia menziesiana Waianae Mts., between Puu Kaua and Kanehoa, leeward side of main ridge, above Kunia Camp Preserved_Specimen 18; flower reddish brown or maroon Pearsall, G.A. 493 Oahu BISH 1960-04-28
202 Astelia menziesiana Olinda Pipe Line Preserved_Specimen male flower Degener, O. 4055 Maui BISH 1927-07-30
203 Astelia menziesiana East Maui, Makawao District, Olinda Preserved_Specimen male flower Degener, O. 8714 Maui BISH 1927-06-19
204 Astelia menziesiana Central Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 4067 Molokai BISH 1928-04-01
205 Astelia menziesiana Ukulele Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 923 Maui BISH 1919-07-01
206 Astelia menziesiana Kamakou, between Pepeopae Bog and Pelekunu Lookout Preserved_Specimen flowers pale maroon Wagner, W.L. 6423 Molokai BISH 1984-07-17
207 Astelia menziesiana Ukulele Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 918 Maui BISH 1919-07-01
208 Astelia menziesiana Waianae Mts., between Puu Kaua and Kanehoa, leeward side of main ridge, above Kunia Camp Preserved_Specimen 18; flower reddish brown or maroon Pearsall, G.A. 493 Oahu BISH 1960-04-28
209 Astelia menziesiana [Hawaiian Islands; U.S.A.; Hawaii Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. BISH
210 Astelia menziesiana Kamakou, Pepeopae Bog trail Preserved_Specimen epiphyte; white flowers Wagner, W.L. 5425 Molokai BISH 1984-07-17
211 Astelia menziesiana Koolau Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 14 Oahu BISH 1908-12-03
212 Astelia menziesiana W Waikolu valley open rainforest Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 4066 Molokai BISH 1928-04-21
213 Astelia menziesiana NW ridge of Puu Hapapa, summit windy, rainy Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 12382 Oahu BISH 1939-05-07
214 Astelia menziesiana W Maui, Lahaina District, West Forest Reserve, Haelaau edge of bog Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 10203 Maui BISH 1930-02-05
215 Astelia menziesiana Mt. Kalena, Waianae Metrosideros-Ilex forest Preserved_Specimen Grant, M.L. 7412 Oahu BISH 1934-09-30
216 Astelia menziesiana Makawao Forest Reserve, Olinda pipe line Preserved_Specimen Woolford, H.A. 110 Maui BISH 1955-12-25
217 Astelia menziesiana Kalaupapa; Waikolu, S, stream head of valley Preserved_Specimen terrestrial or epiphytic, subacaulescent, rhizomatous perennial herb Hughes, G.D. 1092 Molokai BISH 2004-11-23
218 Astelia menziesiana Mt. Kaua, summit rainforest Preserved_Specimen Obata, J.K. Oahu BISH 1979-04-29
219 Astelia menziesiana Koolau Gap, Haleakala Preserved_Specimen female flower; terrestrial Degener, O. Maui BISH 1927-08-10
220 Astelia menziesiana Haleakala National Park, Hana Rainforest, below Lake Wainapanapa Preserved_Specimen Weldon, P. Maui BISH 2009-03-18
221 Astelia menziesiana Olinda pipe line trail Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 4053 Maui BISH 1927-06-14
222 Astelia menziesiana Olinda Pipe Line Preserved_Specimen male flower Degener, O. 4055 Maui BISH 1927-07-30
223 Astelia menziesiana Kipukas in 1855 Flow below Halealoha Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 753 Hawaii BISH 1915-06-07
224 Astelia menziesiana Olinda Pipe Line Preserved_Specimen male flower Degener, O. 8713 Maui BISH 1927-06-22
225 Astelia menziesiana Olinda Pipeline Trail Preserved_Specimen Flowers blue. Degener, O. 4058 Maui BISH 1927-07-16
226 Astelia menziesiana Above Pelekunu Preserved_Specimen lower white flowers; upper red Forbes, C.N. 390 Molokai BISH 1916-06-05
227 Astelia menziesiana W Waikolu valley open rainforest Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 4066 Molokai BISH 1928-04-21
228 Astelia menziesiana Kamakou, margin of Pepeopae Bog with Plantago pachyphylla Preserved_Specimen Wagner, W.L. 4925 Molokai BISH 1983-07-30
229 Astelia menziesiana Mountains behind Pahala, Kau Preserved_Specimen Female Forbes, C.N. 419 Hawaii BISH 1911-08-09
230 Astelia menziesiana Mauna Loa, above Kulani rain forest Preserved_Specimen Christ, J.H. 21 Hawaii BISH 1957-04-24
231 Astelia menziesiana Puu Huluhulu arid, scrub Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. Hawaii BISH 1957-03-01
232 Astelia menziesiana West Maui, Kukui ridge; rainforest Preserved_Specimen Neal, M.C. Maui BISH 1933-08-16
233 Astelia menziesiana N Kaala, near top Preserved_Specimen epiphyte Degener, O. 20410 Oahu BISH 1949-12-26
234 Astelia menziesiana Near Stainback Highway 3 miles below Kulani Prison Camp Preserved_Specimen Terrestrial and epiphytic herb with silver foliage and orange fruit. Abundant. Herbst, D.R. 4074 Hawaii BISH 1974-08-13
235 Astelia menziesiana Olinda flume Preserved_Specimen clump Gillett, G.W. 1769 Maui BISH 1965-06-16
236 Astelia menziesiana Kilauea, Chain of Craters, Napau trail ohia forest Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 11218 Hawaii BISH 1931-12-20
237 Astelia menziesiana N fork of Kaukawahua gulch Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 4005 Oahu BISH 1909-05-15
238 Astelia menziesiana Pupukea Trail above Waimea Preserved_Specimen leaf 2.5-3' long, narrow Pearsall, G.A. Oahu BISH 1948-03-01
239 Astelia menziesiana Maui Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8216 Maui BISH 1910-01-01
240 Astelia menziesiana Olinda Pipe Line Preserved_Specimen male flower Degener, O. 4055 Maui BISH 1927-07-30
241 Astelia menziesiana Hookio Ridge Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 416 Lanai BISH 1915-03-01
242 Astelia menziesiana Puu Kukui Preserved_Specimen Meebold, A. 10160 Maui BISH 1935-10-01
243 Astelia menziesiana Olinda pipe line trail Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 4050 Maui BISH 1927-06-20
244 Astelia menziesiana [Hawaiian Islands; U.S.A.; Hawaii Preserved_Specimen Hillebrand, W.B. BISH
245 Astelia menziesiana Kokee Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 2333 Kauai BISH 1926-06-26
246 Astelia menziesiana Haleakala, E of Ukulele Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 852 Maui BISH 1919-07-19
247 Astelia menziesiana Hookio Ridge Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 416 Lanai BISH 1915-03-01
248 Astelia menziesiana Puu Hualalai, Puuwaawaa Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 11379 Hawaii BISH 1931-12-29
249 Astelia menziesiana Hookio Ridge Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 243 Lanai BISH 1915-03-01
250 Astelia menziesiana W Waimea drainage basin Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1030 Kauai BISH 1917-07-03
251 Astelia menziesiana Lanaihale Preserved_Specimen Kondo, Y. Lanai BISH 1961-03-26
252 Astelia menziesiana Ridge to Kaau Crater peak Preserved_Specimen Garber, D.W. 525 Oahu BISH 1920-08-01
253 Astelia menziesiana Waikolu Valley, Kawela, ridge between Hanalilolilo and Pepeopae, ditch trail Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 12609 Molokai BISH 1932-12-25
254 Astelia menziesiana Olinda pipe line trail Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 4053 Maui BISH 1927-06-14
255 Astelia menziesiana Koolau Forest Reserve, Kula pipeline, lower flume Preserved_Specimen Sohmer, S.H. 6661 Maui BISH 1970-08-16
256 Astelia menziesiana Makahenaloa, Puu Kauku Preserved_Specimen Skottsberg, C.J.F. 485 Hawaii BISH 1922-09-11
257 Astelia menziesiana Between Waikamoi and Honomanu valleys, Haiku Uka Preserved_Specimen Lamoureux, C.H. 1997 Maui BISH 1962-06-22
258 Astelia menziesiana Maui Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8216 Maui BISH 1910-01-01
259 Astelia menziesiana East Maui, Kuiki, Haleakala, S rim of Kipahulu Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 21251 Maui BISH 1945-08-30
260 Astelia menziesiana Ukulele Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 918 Maui BISH 1919-07-01
261 Astelia menziesiana Waikamoi Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1265 Maui BISH 1919-09-05
262 Astelia menziesiana Maui Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8216 Maui BISH 1910-01-01
263 Astelia menziesiana Waikamoi trail Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 2611 Maui BISH 1920-06-25
264 Astelia menziesiana Lanaihale Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 263 Lanai BISH 1928-02-10
265 Astelia menziesiana Kamahole [sp?] Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 689 Molokai BISH 1915-03-31
266 Astelia menziesiana East Maui Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8589 Maui BISH 1910-10-01
267 Astelia menziesiana East Maui, north slope of Haleakala Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1155 Maui BISH 1919-08-17
268 Astelia menziesiana Palolo Valley Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 4924 Oahu BISH 1912-01-01
269 Astelia menziesiana Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 6110 Maui BISH 1910-01-01
270 Astelia menziesiana Ohulehule Preserved_Specimen Christophersen, E. Oahu BISH 1924-11-09
271 Astelia menziesiana N of Ulupalakua Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. Maui BISH 1927-07-04
272 Astelia menziesiana National Park, 3 mi NW of Fern Forest Preserved_Specimen Woolford, H.A. Hawaii BISH 1954-12-22
273 Astelia menziesiana Puu Kaua summit Preserved_Specimen Obata, J.K. Oahu BISH 1979-04-29
274 Astelia menziesiana Tantalus Preserved_Specimen Lyon, H.L. Oahu BISH 1913-05-27
275 Astelia menziesiana Waioloni, W Nuuanu Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. Oahu BISH 1908-06-28
276 Astelia menziesiana Ukulele Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. Maui BISH 1919-01-01
277 Astelia menziesiana Haleakala, upper Keanae valley Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 4057 Maui BISH 1927-07-19
278 Astelia menziesiana East Maui, north slope of Haleakala Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1155 Maui BISH 1917-08-17
279 Astelia menziesiana pali above Waikekuhia Preserved_Specimen Olson, G.E. 106 Maui BISH 1937-08-21
280 Astelia menziesiana W Waimea drainage basin Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1115 Kauai BISH 1917-07-03
281 Astelia menziesiana E highland, Pelekunu Preserved_Specimen Cranwell, L.M. 2585 Molokai BISH 1938-06-24
282 Astelia menziesiana Punaluu, Koolau Mt Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 489 Oahu BISH 1908-12-24
283 Astelia menziesiana W Maui, Puu Kukui Preserved_Specimen Gillett, G.W. 1781 Maui BISH 1981-06-19
284 Astelia menziesiana Koa Mill Road, Alika Homesteads, S. Kona Dist Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 18540 Hawaii BISH 1937-12-27
285 Astelia menziesiana Kawela [swampy ridge to Pelekunu Pali] Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 6095 Molokai BISH 1910-03-17
286 Astelia menziesiana Makawao Forest Reserve, Olinda pipe line Preserved_Specimen Woolford, H.A. 110 Maui BISH 1955-12-25
287 Astelia menziesiana Konahuanui Preserved_Specimen Heller, A.A. 2903 Oahu BISH 1895-11-02
288 Astelia menziesiana Mountains E end Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 261 Lanai BISH 1913-06-01
289 Astelia menziesiana Olinda pipe line trail Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 4047 Maui BISH 1927-06-22
290 Astelia menziesiana E highland, Pepeopae bog Preserved_Specimen Cranwell, L.M. 2582 Molokai BISH 1938-07-12
291 Astelia menziesiana Ukulele Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 923 Maui BISH 1919-07-01
292 Astelia menziesiana Kaala Preserved_Specimen Wawra, H. 2212 Kauai BISH 1868-01-01
293 Astelia menziesiana Waikolu Valley, Kawela, ridge between Hanalilolilo and Pepeopae, ditch trail Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 12609 Molokai BISH 1932-12-25
294 Astelia menziesiana Waikamoi, Kula pipe line Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1263 Maui BISH 1919-09-05
295 Astelia menziesiana N fork of Kaukawahua gulch Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 4005 Oahu BISH 1909-05-15
296 Astelia menziesiana Maui Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8216 Maui BISH 1910-01-01
297 Astelia menziesiana West Maui, Mt. Eke, near summit Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 5517 Maui BISH 1927-08-30
298 Astelia menziesiana Koolau Mts. between Punaluu and Kaipapau Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. Oahu BISH 1909-05-08
299 Astelia menziesiana Kulani Prison Camp road Preserved_Specimen Woolford, H.A. Hawaii BISH 1954-01-01
300 Astelia menziesiana Kaala Preserved_Specimen Suehiro, A. Oahu BISH 1933-01-08
301 Astelia menziesiana Punaluu Mt Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. Oahu BISH 1908-05-23
302 Astelia menziesiana Proposed Puu Ohu Reservoir, Kohala Mountains Preserved_Specimen Corn, C. Hawaii BISH 1984-03-27
303 Astelia menziesiana Kapalama Heights, Koolau Mts Preserved_Specimen Mitchell, D.D. Oahu BISH 1931-11-01
304 Astelia menziesiana Mt. Kaua, summit Preserved_Specimen Obata, J.K. Oahu BISH 1979-04-29
305 Astelia menziesiana Niu Ridge Preserved_Specimen Lyon, H.L. Oahu BISH 1909-08-29
306 Astelia menziesiana Kilauea Preserved_Specimen Seale, A. Hawaii BISH 1901-04-04
307 Astelia menziesiana Konahuanui summit Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. Oahu BISH 1925-01-01
308 Astelia menziesiana Koolau Range, Koolau Summit trail, east of junction with Puamoho Trail Preserved_Specimen Costello, V. Oahu BISH 2007-05-16
309 Astelia menziesiana [Hawaiian Islands; U.S.A.; Hawaii Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 6110 BISH 1910-01-01
310 Astelia menziesiana [Hawaiian Islands; U.S.A.; Hawaii Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8415 BISH 1910-06-01
311 Astelia menziesiana unknown Preserved_Specimen Gaudichaud-Beaupré, C. BISH 1817-01-01
312 Astelia menziesiana unknown Preserved_Specimen Menzies, A. BISH 1792-01-01
313 Astelia menziesiana Lanai Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. Lanai BISH
314 Astelia menziesiana East Maui, S slope of Haleakala, Ukulele Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 918 Maui BISH 1919-07-01
315 Astelia menziesiana below Halealoha, kipuka in 1855 flow Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 753 Hawaii BISH 1915-06-07
316 Astelia menziesiana Koolau Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 16 Oahu BISH 1908-12-03
317 Astelia menziesiana Makawao, Olinda pipe line Preserved_Specimen Chock, A.K. 312 Maui BISH 1951-12-25
318 Astelia menziesiana S Haleakala, Lualailua Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 2004 Maui BISH 1920-03-17
319 Astelia menziesiana Pihea Forest Preserved_Specimen Hobdy, R.W. 173 Kauai BISH 1970-01-01
320 Astelia menziesiana Olinda Preserved_Specimen Skottsberg, C.J.F. 872 Maui BISH 1922-10-18
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